The IUD is an intrauterine device made up of copper, a combination of silver and copper or hormones, in the shape of a “T” or “Y”, introduced into the uterus cavity by the gynecologist, and is normally indicated as a long-term contraceptive method to prevent the pregnancy.
However, the hormonal IUD may also be indicated for the treatment of endometriosis, excessive menstrual bleeding or to protect against excessive growth of the lining of the uterus during hormone replacement therapy.
The IUD can only be inserted and removed by a gynecologist, and although it can be used at any time during the menstrual cycle, as long as it is certain that the woman is not pregnant, it should preferably be inserted during menstruation.
Types of IUDs
The IUD can be classified into a few types according to its composition, the main ones being:
1. Copper DIU
The copper IUD is a type of non-hormonal device made of plastic, but coated with copper, which can be used for 10 years without losing its effectiveness. The contraceptive action of this type of IUD is due to the continuous release of copper ions in the uterus, which causes changes in the cervical mucus and uterus, as well as interfering with sperm motility.
As it is not associated with hormones, this type of IUD tends to be well tolerated by women and is associated with fewer side effects. However, it is possible for women to experience increased menstrual flow and slightly more intense cramps. Learn more about the copper IUD.
The copper IUD is offered free of charge by the SUS as part of the Family Planning Program, or provided by health plans or private clinics.
2. Silver IUD
Like the copper IUD, the silver IUD is a type of non-hormonal intrauterine device. This type of IUD has a “Y” shape instead of a “T”, with the rods made of silver and the base made of a mixture of a small amount of silver associated with copper, with the aim of reducing the fragmentation of copper in the body. , although this is rare to happen.
Due to its shape, the silver IUD is easier to insert and remove, and is more suitable for women with a smaller uterus. Furthermore, due to the smaller amount of copper and the presence of silver, the silver IUD can be used for 5 years and it is possible that it will not result in greater intensity of menstrual flow or colic. See more about the silver IUD.
3. Hormonal IUD
The hormonal IUD, also known as the Mirena IUD or Kyleena IUD, is a type of device that contains a hormone in its composition, levonorgestrel, which is released in small quantities, continuously, from the moment it is inserted, and can be used for up to 5 consecutive years.
This hormone promotes a decrease in the thickness of the inner layer of the uterus and an increase in the thickness of cervical mucus, reducing the chance of sperm reaching the egg and fertilization, and thus preventing pregnancy.
Furthermore, this type of IUD may be indicated in cases of endometriosis, treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, or for protection against excessive growth of the internal lining of the uterus, during hormone replacement therapy, for example.
Despite being quite effective, as it is made up of a hormone, the Mirena IUD or Kyleena IUD, is associated with several side effects, such as changes in the menstrual cycle, which may include a lack of menstruation or breakthrough bleeding, increased cramps, headache, changes in mood, decreased libido and bloating, for example. See more about the Mirena IUD.
Advantages and disadvantages of the IUD
Furthermore, although the IUD has the advantage of preventing unwanted pregnancy, this device does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and it is important to always use a condom during all sexual relations. Check out the main STIs.
Depending on the type, the IUD may have other advantages and disadvantages for each woman, and it is recommended to discuss this information with the gynecologist when choosing the best contraceptive method. Learn about other contraceptive methods and their advantages and disadvantages.
How it works
The IUD works to prevent pregnancy through changes in the uterus and cervical mucus that prevent sperm from reaching the released egg, preventing fertilization and, consequently, pregnancy.
The copper IUD releases small amounts of copper into the uterus, which causes changes in the endometrium, preventing the implantation of the egg in the uterus, in addition to interfering with the sperm’s survival time. This type of IUD provides protection for a period of approximately 10 years.
The silver IUD works in the same way as the copper IUD, however there is also the release of silver in the uterus, which works to reduce the risk of oxidation of the copper part of the IUD and increase the contraceptive effect. Furthermore, silver helps to reduce menstrual flow, being less intense than the flow that occurs when using a copper IUD.
The hormonal IUD, due to the action of the hormone, makes ovulation difficult and prevents the egg from attaching itself to the uterus, thickening the mucus of the cervix to form a kind of plug that prevents sperm from reaching there, thus preventing fertilization. . This type of IUD provides protection for a period of up to 5 years.
How is it placed
The procedure to insert the IUD is simple, lasts between 15 and 20 minutes and can be done in the gynecological office. The insertion of the IUD can be done at any time of the menstrual cycle, however, it is most recommended that it be inserted during menstruation, which is when the uterus is most dilated.
To insert the IUD, the woman must be placed in a gynecological position, with her legs slightly apart, and the doctor inserts the IUD into the uterus. Once placed, the doctor leaves a small thread inside the vagina that serves as an indication that the IUD is placed correctly. This thread can be felt with the finger, however, it is not felt during intimate contact.
As it is a procedure that is not performed under anesthesia, the woman may feel discomfort during the procedure.
Possible side effects
Some of the side effects of this contraceptive method include:
- Uterine pain or contractions, more common in women who have never had children;
- Small bleeding shortly after insertion of the IUD;
- Vaginal discharge.
The copper IUD can also cause longer periods, with greater bleeding and more pain, only in some women, especially in the first few months after insertion of the IUD.
The hormonal IUD, in addition to these side effects, can also cause a reduction in menstrual flow or absence of menstruation or small discharges of menstrual blood, called spottingin addition to pimples, headaches, breast pain and tension, fluid retention, ovarian cysts and weight gain.
When to go to the doctor
It is important that women remain alert and go to the doctor if they do not feel or see the IUD guide wires, symptoms such as fever or chills appear, swelling is noticed in the genital region or the woman experiences severe abdominal cramps.
Furthermore, it is recommended to go to the doctor if there is increased vaginal flow, bleeding outside of the menstrual period or if you experience pain or bleeding during sexual intercourse.
If any of these signs appear, it is important to consult a gynecologist to assess the position of the IUD and take the necessary measures.
It is also recommended to return to the gynecologist 4 to 12 weeks after inserting the IUD, and at least once a year, to carry out tests and check if the IUD is in the correct position.
